class 12 political science notes Chapter-4 India's External Relations Notes Pdf
Chapter-4
India's External Relations
1. After independence India faced the twin challenges of Welfare and democracy.Moreover
India started participating in the world affairs as an independent nation state with the
overall context like the legacy of many international disputes left by the British,
pressures created by partition and poverty alleviation.
2. India was born in the backdrop of world war, hence it decided to conduct foreign
relations with an aim to respect the sovereignty of other nations to achieve security
through maintenance of peace. For this, India laid down directive Principles of State
Policy in the Article 51 of Indian Constitution.
3. The foreign policy of a nation is the interplay of domestic and external factors. Pt.
J.L.Nehru was the 'Chief Architect of India's Foreign Policy'.He exercised profound
influence in the formulation and implemantation of india's foreign policy from 1946 to
1964.
4. The three mojor objectives of Nehru's foreign policy were to preseve the hard-earned
sovereignty, protect territorial integrity and promote rapied economic development.
5. Nehru's Era established the contacts between India and States in Asia and Africa by
convening conferences on Asian Relations (March 1947), Indonesia's Freedom Struggle
(1949), decolonisation process, and engaged herself in Bandung Conference in 1955 with
the newly independent Asian and African Nations.
6. During the cold war ,the US-led organisation (NATO) and the soviet-led warsaw Pact
came into existence.
7. The Afro-Asian conference held in the indonesian city of Bandung in 1955,commonly
known as the Bandung conference ,marked the zenith of india's engagement with the
newly independent Asian and African nations.
8. The first summit of the NAM was held in Belgrade in september 1961.Pt. J.Nehru was a co
- founder of the NAM.
9. Panchsheel, the five principles of peaceful co-existance (29 April 1954) between India
and China was a stronger step towards friendship and relations. India advocated China's new government as a communist even in the UN after Chinese revolution in 1949 to
ahead a friendly step.
10. India and China began to conflict on annexation of Tibet by China and suppressed
Tibetan culture also. China claimed Aksai Chin area and NEFA within the Indian
territory, which differences could not be resolved despite correspondence and
discussions and led India to indulge in conflict.
11. India and Pakistan conflicted on initiative of Pakistan's serious armed conflict over
Kashmir issue in 1965.India Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistan's General
Ayub Khan signed the Taskant Agreement, brokered by the Soviet Union , in January
1966 But 1965 war added to India's already difficult economic situation.
12. India's foreign policy reflects her desire to be an important regional power which
reflected during Bangladesh War 1971, when there were clashes between East and West
Pakistan and India supported freedom struggle in Bangladesh and declared unilateral
ceasefire with the surrender of Pakistan. India and Pakistan signed Shimla Agreement on
3rd July 1972 to formalise the return of Peace.
13. India's Nuclear Policy advocates no first use and reiterates India's commitment to global
verifiable on non-discriminatory nuclear disarmament leading to nuclear weapons free
world. Pt. J.L. Nehru was against nuclear weapons, so he placed nuclear disarmament
and considered NPT as discriminatory and India has always been committed to use these
weapons for peaceful purposes.
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